File: <bluegumgallingwasp> Pooled References GENERAL
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Blue Gum Galling Wasp Selitrichodes
globulus La Salle & Gates
-- Hymenoptera: Eulophidae |
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The
wasp is believed to be native to Australia.
Other species of gall forming eulophids native to Australia have
successfully invaded other areas of the world in addition to California. For example, Ophelimus maskelli occurs naturally on Eucalyptus in New
South Wales, Australia and is an invasive species in the Mediterranean
region. Heavy galling of leaves by O. maskelli results in premature
shedding of the leaves. The impact of
high wasp populations on the canopy of Eucalyptus in Israel is very serious,
and heavily damaged trees exhibit desiccation throughout large parts of their
crowns. The adult galling wasps cause
health problems to people during mass emergence from galls. Industrial areas surrounded by ornamental
eucalyptus trees produce clouds of wasps during peak emergence periods and
can be a human nuisance. A biological
control program against O. maskelli
in galls by County Entomologists revealed the presence of small internally
feeding larvae which were responsible for the observed damage. Larvae were being reared to adulthood to
confirm the association of adult galling wasps with observed galls. The life cycle of this pest may take up to
five months to complete. Initial
identifications tentatively placed with this wasp in the genus Ophelimus,but this identification was
changed by specialists who work on this group of insects who recognized it as
a species new to science. It is
likely that in the absence of host specific natural enemies Blue Gum Galling
Wasp will spread quickly throughout California and may cause considerable
damage to vulnerable eucalyptus species.
It is possible that this pest may invade other countries, such as
Bolivia, China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Peru and Spain which grow blue
gums commercially for fuelwood, pulpwood, and eucalyptus oil. In Israel a parasitic wasp, Closterocerus chamaeleon, has been used
and it may be providing good levels of control. Probably in Australia other natural enemies of S. globulus exist and these could be
imported for biological control.. REFERENCES: Arkelian, Gevork &
Gevork Arkelian. 2009. Blue Gum Gall Wasp (Selitrichodes globulus). Los Angeles County Department of
Agricultural Commissioner/Weights & Measures - June, 2009. Austin, A. D., D. K.
Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B.
McQuillan, L. A. Mound, L. A., D. J.
Bickel,, P. J. Gullan,, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004.
Insects 'Down Under' - Diversity, endemism and evolution of the
Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian
Journal of Entomology 43: 216–234. Blue Gum Gall Wasp (Selitrichodes globulus). Los Angeles County Department of
Agricultural Commissioner/Weights & Measures - June, 2009. Bouček, Z. 1988.
Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera):
A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a
Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 832
pp. California Invasive
Plant Council. 2006. California
Invasive Plant Inventory. Calif. IPC Publication 2006-02. California
Invasive Plant Council. Berkeley, CA. 39 pp. De Marzo, L. 2007.
Reperimento del parassitoide Closterocerus chamaeleon
(Girault) in Basilicata e Puglia (Hymenoptera Eulophidae). Bollettino
di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie II 39: 231–237. Doughy, R. W. 2000.
The Eucalyptus: A Natural and Commercial
History of the Gum Tree.
The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and
London, 237 pp. Eldridge, K., J.
Davidson, C. Harwood & G. van
Wyk. 1993. Eucalypt Domestication and Breeding. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 288 pp. Gates, M. & G.
Delvare. 2008. A new species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera:
Eurytomidae) attacking Quadrastichus spp. (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) galling Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae) with a
summary of African Eurytoma spp. biology and
species checklist. Zootaxa 1751: 1–24. Gates, M. W. & M. E.
Schauff. 2005. The first report of Oncastichus goughi (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae): An introduced pest of waxflower (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucium uncinatum) from South
America. Entomological News 116: 115–116. Gibson, G. A. P. 1997.
Chapter 2. Morphology and Terminology. In:
Gibson, G. A. P., J. T. Huber & J. B. Woolley. (Eds), Annotated Keys to the Genera
of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). National Research Council Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, 794 pp. Graham, M. W. R. de
V. 1987. A reclassification of the European
Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain
genera. Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series 55: 1–392. Headrick, D .H., J. La
Salle & R. A. Redak. 1995. A new genus of Australian Tetrastichinae
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): an introduced pest of Chamelaucium uncinatum (Myrtaceae) in
California. Journal of
Natural History 29:
1029–1036. Heu, R.A., D. M.
Tsuda, W. T. Nagamine, J. A. Yalemar & T. H. Suh. 2006.
Erythrina Gall Wasp Quadrastichus
erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). State of Hawaii Department
of Agriculture. Available from: http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdf. Huber, J. T., Z.
Mendel, A. Protasov & J. La Salle.
2006. Two new
Australian species of Stethynium (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae), larval parasitoids of Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) on Eucalyptus. Journal of
Natural History 40:
1909–1921. Kim, I. K., G.
Delvare & J. La Salle. 2004. A new species of Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae): a gall-inducing pest on Erythrina (Fabaceae). Journal of
Hymenoptera Research 13: 243–249. Kim, I. K., M. W.
McDonald & J. La Salle. 2005. Moona, a new genus of
tetrastichine gall inducers (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on seeds of Corymbia (Myrtaceae) in
Australia. Zootaxa 989: 1–10. Kim, I. K. & J.
La Salle. 2008. A new genus and species of Tetrastichinae
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) inducing galls in seed capsules of Eucalyptus. Zootaxa 1745: 63–68. Kim, I. K., Z. Mendel,
A. Protasov, D. Blumberg & J. La Salle.
2008. Taxonomy, biology and
efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae).
Zootaxa 1910: 1–20. La Salle, J. 1994. North American genera of Tetrastichinae
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of
Natural History 28: 109–236. La Salle, J. 2005. Biology of gall inducers and evolution of
gall induction in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Eurytomidae,
Pteromalidae, Tanaostigmatidae, Torymidae).
Pp. 507–537. In: Raman, A., Schaefer,
C. W. & Withers, T. M. (eds), Biology, Ecology,
and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New
Hampshire, USA. 817 pp. (2 vols). La Salle, John, Gevork
Arkelian, Rosser William Garrison & Michael W. Gates. 2009.
A new species of invasive gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae:
Tetrastichinae) on blue gum (Eucalyptus
globulus) in California. Zootaxa 2121: 35-43 Mendel, Z., A.
Protasov, N. Fisher & J. La Salle.
2004. The taxonomy
and natural history of Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) gen & sp. nov., an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus. Australian
Journal of Entomology 43: 101–113. Mendel, Z., A. Protasov,
D. Blumberg, D. Brand,. N. Saphir, Z. Madar & J. La Salle. 2007.
Release and recovery of parasitoids of the Eucalyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli in Israel. Phytoparasitica 35: 330–332. Prinsloo, G. L. & J.
Kelly. 2009. The tetrastichinae wasps (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) associated with galls on Erythrina species (Fabaceae) in South
Africa, with the description of five new species. Zootaxa 2083: 27–45. Protasov, A., D.
Blumberg, D. Brand, J. La Salle & Z. Mendel. 2007a. The basis for
biological control of the eucalyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead): taxonomy and biology
of the parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault), with
information on its establishment in Israel.
Biological Control 42: 196–206. Protasov, A., J. La
Salle, D. Blumberg, D. Brand, N. Saphir, F. Assael, J. Fisher & Z.
Mendel. 2007b. Biology, revised taxonomy and impact on
host plants of Ophelimus maskelli, an invasive gall
inducer on Eucalyptus spp. in the
Mediterranean area. Phytoparasitica 35b: 50–76. Rizzo. M. C., G. Lo
Verde, R. Rizzo, V. Buccellato & V. Caleca. 2006. Introduzione di. Closterocerus sp. in Sicilia per
il controllo biologico di Ophelimus maskelli Ashmead
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) galligeno esotico sugli eucalypti. Bollettino
di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Serie II 38: 237–248. Schauff, M. E., J.
La Salle & L. D. Coote. 1997. Eulophidae, pp 327–429. In: Gibson, G.A.P., Huber,
J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (Eds), Annotated Keys to the Genera of
Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). National Research Council Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, 794 pp. Schauff, M. E. & R.
Garrison. 2000. An introduced species of Epichrysocharis (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) producing galls on Eucalyptus in California with notes
on the described species and placement of the genus. Journal of
Hymenoptera Research 9: 176–181. Yang, M. M., G. S. Tung, J. La Salle
& M. L. Wu. 2004. Outbreak of Erythrina gall wasp on Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae) in
Taiwan. Plant Protection
Bulletin 46: 391–396. |
